1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Cyclimorph 15 injection
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
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For excipients see section 6.1
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Injection
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Cyclimorph Injection is indicated for the relief of moderate to severe pain in all suitable medical and surgical conditions (see Contraindications and Precautions & Warnings) in which reduction of the nausea and vomiting associated with the administration of morphine is required.
Route of Administration
By subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
Adults
The usual dose is 10-20 mg morphine tartrate, given subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously.
Additional doses may not be given more frequently than 4 hourly.
Not more than 3 doses (representing 150mg cyclizine: i.e. 3ml of Cyclimorph-15 Injection) should be given in any 24-hour period.
Use in the elderly
Morphine doses should be reduced in elderly patients and titrated to provide optimal pain relief with minimal side effects since:
- Increased duration of pain relief from a standard dose of morphine has been reported in elderly patients.
- A review of pharmacokinetic studies has suggested that morphine clearance decreases and half-life increases in older patients.
- The elderly may be particularly sensitive to the adverse effects of morphine.
Children
Cyclimorph Injection should not be used in children under 12 years of age.
4.3 Contraindications
Cyclimorph Injection is contraindicated in individuals with known hypersensitivity to morphine, cyclizine or any of the other constituents.
Cyclimorph Injection, like other opioid-containing preparations, is contraindicated in patients with respiratory depression. Patients with excessive bronchial secretions should not be given Cyclimorph Injection as morphine diminishes the cough response.
Cyclimorph Injection should not be given during an attack of bronchial asthma or in heart failure secondary to chronic lung disease.
Cyclimorph Injection is contra-indicated in patients with head injury or raised intra-cranial pressure.
Renal impairment
Severe and prolonged respiratory depression may occur in patients with renal impairment given morphine; this is attributed to the accumulation of the active metabolite morphine-6-glucuronide. Therefore Cyclimorph Injection should not be administered to patients with moderate or severe renal impairment (glomerular filtration rate <20 ml/min).
Hepatic impairment
As with other opioid analgesic containing preparations Cyclimorph Injection should not be administered to patients with severe hepatic impairment as it may precipitate coma.
Cyclimorph Injection is contra-indicated in the presence of acute alcohol intoxication. The anti-emetic properties of cyclizine may increase the toxicity of alcohol.
Cyclimorph Injection is contraindicated in individuals receiving monoamine oxidase inhibitors or within 14 days of stopping such treatment.
Cyclimorph Injection, as with other opioid containing preparations, is contraindicated in patients with ulcerative colitis, since such preparations may precipitate toxic dilation or spasm of the colon.
Cyclimorph Injection is contraindicated in biliary and renal tract spasm.
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
In common with the other opioid containing preparations, Cyclimorph Injection has the potential to produce tolerance and physical and psychological dependence in susceptible individuals. Abrupt cessation of therapy after prolonged use may result in withdrawal symptoms.
Cyclimorph Injection should be used with caution in the debilitated since they may be more sensitive to the respiratory depressant effects.
Cyclimorph Injection should be used with caution (including consideration of dose administered) in the presence of the following:
hypothyroidism
adrenocortical insufficiency
hypopituitarism
prostatic hypertrophy
shock
diabetes mellitus
Extreme caution should be exercised when administering Cyclimorph Injection to patients with phaeochromocytoma, since aggravated hypertension has been reported in association with diamorphine.
Cyclizine may cause a fall in cardiac output associated with increases in heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulmonary wedge pressure. Cyclimorph Injection should therefore be used with caution in patients with severe heart failure.
Because cyclizine has anticholinergic activity it may precipitate incipient glaucoma. It should be used with caution and appropriate monitoring in patients with glaucoma and also in obstructive disease of the gastrointestinal tract.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
The central nervous system depressant effects of Cyclimorph Injection may be enhanced by other centrally-acting agents such as phenothiazines, hypnotics, neuroleptics, alcohol and muscle relaxants.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI's) may prolong and enhance the respiratory depressant effects of morphine. Opioids and MAOI's used together may cause fatal hypotension and coma (see Contra-indications).
Because of its anticholinergic activity cyclizine may enhance the side effects of other anticholinergic drugs.
The analgesic effect of opioids tends to be enhanced by co-administration of dexamfetamine, hydroxyzine, and some phenothiazines although respiratory depression may also be enhanced by the latter combination.
Morphine may reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone.
Propranolol has been reported to enhance the lethality of toxic doses of opioids in animals, although the significance of this finding is not known for man. Caution should be exercised when these drugs are administered concurrently.
Interference with laboratory tests
Morphine can react with Folin-Ciocalteau reagent in the Lowry method of protein estimation.
Morphine can also interfere with the determination of urinary 17-ketosteroids due to chemical structure effects in the Zimmerman procedure.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Pregnancy
There is no evidence on the safety of the combination in human pregnancy nor is there evidence from animal work that the constituents are free from hazard. However, limited data from epidemiological studies of cyclizine and morphine in human pregnancies have found no evidence of teratogenicity. In the absence of definitive human data with the combination, the use of Cyclimorph Injection in pregnancy is not advised.
Administration of morphine during labour may cause respiratory depression in the newborn infant.
Lactation
Cyclizine is excreted in human milk, however, the amount has not been quantified.
Morphine can significantly suppress lactation. Morphine is excreted in human milk, but the amount is generally considered to be less than 1% of any dose.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
In common with other opioids, morphine may produce orthostatic hypotension and drowsiness in ambulatory patients. Sedation of short duration has been reported in patients receiving intravenous cyclizine. The CNS depressant effects of Cyclimorph Injection may be enhanced by combination with other centrally acting agents (see DRUG INTERACTIONS). Patients should therefore be cautioned against activities requiring vigilance including driving vehicles and operating machinery.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
As Cyclimorph Injection contains morphine and cyclizine, the type and frequency of adverse effects associated with such compounds may be expected.
Adverse reactions attributable to morphine include respiratory depression, raised intra-cranial pressure, orthostatic hypotension, drowsiness, confusion, dysphoria, restlessness, miosis, constipation, nausea, vomiting, skin reactions (e.g. urticaria) biliary tract and renal spasm, vertigo and difficulty with micturition.
Adverse reactions attributable to cyclizine include urticaria, drug rash, drowsiness/sedation, headache, dryness of the mouth, nose and throat, blurred vision, tachycardia, urinary retention, constipation, restlessness, nervousness, insomnia, auditory and visual hallucinations have been reported, particularly when dosage recommendations have been exceeded.
Other Central Nervous System effects which have been reported rarely include dystonia, dyskinesia, extrapyramidal motor disturbances, tremor, twitching, muscle spasms, convulsions, disorientation, dizziness, decreased consciousness transient speech disorders, hypertension and paraesthesia.
Rare reports of cholestatic hepatitis and hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, angioedema, allergic skin reactions and bronchospasm have been reported in association with cyclizine. There have also been a few reports of fixed drug eruption (rash), apnoea, generalised chorea, hypersensitivity hepatitis, hepatic dysfunction and agranulocytosis.
Anaphylaxis has been reported following intravenous administration of cyclizine co-administered in the same syringe as propanidid.
Anaphylactic shock is a rare adverse reaction to morphine.
A case of hyperactivity following intravenous administration of morphine during induction of anaesthesia has been reported.
A case of morphine-induced thrombocytopenia has been reported.
Morphine has a depressant effect on gonadal hormone secretion which can result in a reduction of testosterone leading to regression of secondary sexual characteristics in men on long-term therapy.
Injection site reactions including vein tracking, erythema, pain and thrombophlebitis have been reported rarely.
Cyclimorph IV injection has demonstrated significant incidence of single cough or paroxysm of coughing immediately after its administration.
4.9 Overdose
Signs
The signs of overdosage with Cyclimorph Injection are those pathognomic of opioid poisoning i.e. respiratory depression, pin point pupils, hypotension, circulatory failure and deepening coma. Mydriasis may replace miosis as asphyxia intervenes.
Drowsiness, floppiness, miosis and apnoea are signs of opioid overdosage in children as are convulsions.
Treatment
It is imperative to maintain and support respiration and circulation.
The specific opioid antagonist naloxone is the treatment of choice for the reversal of coma and restoration of spontaneous respiration. The literature should be consulted for details of appropriate dosage.
The use of a specific opioid antagonist in patients tolerant to morphine may produce withdrawal symptoms.
Patients should be monitored closely for at least 48 hours in case of relapse.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Cyclizine is a histamine H1 receptor antagonist of the piperazine class. It possesses anticholinergic and anti-emetic properties. The exact mechanism by which cyclizine can prevent or suppress both nausea and vomiting from various causes is unknown. Cyclizine increases lower oesophageal sphincter tone and reduces the sensitivity of the labyrinthine apparatus.
Morphine is a competitive agonist at the µ-opioid receptor and is a potent analgesic. It is thought that activity at the µ1-receptor subtype may mediate the analgesic and euphoric actions of morphine whilst activity at the µ2-receptor subtype may mediate respiratory depression and inhibition of gut motility. An action at the k-opioid receptor may mediate spinal analgesia.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
In a healthy adult volunteer the administration of a single oral dose of 50 mg cyclizine resulted in a peak plasma concentration of approximately 70 ng/ml, occurring at about 2 hours after administration. Urine collected over 24 hours contained less than 1% of the total dose administered. In a separate study in one healthy adult volunteer the plasma elimination half-life of cyclizine was approximately 20 hours.
Cyclizine is metabolised to its N-dimethylated derivative norcyclizine, which has little antihistaminic (H1) activity compared to cyclizine.
The mean elimination half-life for morphine in blood and plasma is 2.7h (range 1.2-4.9h) and 2.95 (range 0.8-5h) respectively.
Morphine is extensively metabolised by hepatic biotransformation. In addition, the kidney has been shown to have the capacity to form morphine glucuronides. The major metabolite is morphine-3-glucuronide (approximately 45% of a dose). Morphine-6-glucuronide is a minor metabolite (approx 5% of the dose) but is highly active. Although renal excretion is a minor route of elimination for unchanged morphine, it constitutes the major mechanism of elimination of conjugated morphine metabolites including the active morphine-6-glucuronide.
Morphine is bound to plasma proteins only to the extent of 25-35% and therefore functions that change the extent of protein binding will have only a minor impact on its pharmacodynamic effects.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
A. Mutagenicity
Cyclizine was not mutagenic in an Ames test (at a dose level of 100 µg/plate), with or without metabolic activation.
No bacterial mutagenicity studies with morphine have been reported. A review of the literature has indicated that morphine was negative in gene mutation assays in Drosophila melanogaster, but was positive in a mammalian spermatocyte test. The results of another study by the same authors has indicated that morphine causes chromosomal aberrations, in germ cells of male mice when given at dose levels of 10, 20, 40 or 60mg/kg bodyweight for 3 consecutive days.
B. Carcinogenicity
No long term studies have been conducted in animals to determine whether cyclizine or morphine are potentially carcinogenic.
C. Teratogenicity
Some animal studies indicate that cyclizine may be teratogenic at dose levels up to 25 times the clinical dose level. In another study, cyclizine was negative at oral dose levels up to 65mg/kg in rats and 75mg/kg in rabbits.
Morphine was not teratogenic in rats when dosed for up to 15 days at 70mg/kg/day. Morphine given subcutaneously to mice at very high doses (200, 300 or 400 mg/kg/day) on days 8 or 9 of gestation, resulted in a few cases of exencephaly and axial skeletal fusions. The hypoxic effects of such high doses could account for the defects seen.
Lower doses of morphine (40, 4.0 or 0.4 mg/ml) given to mice as a continuous i.v. infusion (at a dose volume of 0.3 ml/kg) between days 7 and 10 of gestation, caused soft tissue and skeletal malformations as shown in previous studies.
D. Fertility
In a study involving prolonged administration of cyclizine to male and female rats, there was no evidence of impaired fertility after continuous treatment for 90-100 days at dose levels of approximately 15 and 25 mg/kg/day.
Effects of morphine exposure on sexual maturation of male rats, their reproductive capacity and the development of their progeny have been examined. Results indicated that exposure during adolescence led to pronounced inhibition of several indices of sexual maturation (e.g. hormone levels, reduced gonad weights), smaller litters and selective gender specific effects on endocrine function in the offspring.
A disruption in ovulation and amenorrhoea can occur in women given morphine.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Tartaric Acid
Sodium Metabisulphite
Water for Injections
6.2 Incompatibilities
See Interactions with other Medicaments and other Forms of Interaction and Contraindications
6.3 Shelf Life
3 years
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Store below 30ºC
Protect from light. Do not freeze.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
Ampoules which comply with the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia for type 1 neutral glass.
Pack size: 1ml ampoules: Box of five.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
No special instructions.
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Amdipharm PLC
Regency House
Miles Gray Road
Basildon
Essex
SS14 3AF
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 20072/0008
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
3rd November 2003
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
November 2008
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