1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Domperidone 10mg Tablets
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Each tablet contains Domperidone maleate equivalent to 10mg domperidone base.
For a full list of excipients see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Tablets
Domperidone 10mg Tablet is presented as a white round biconvex tablet with “Dm 10” inscription on one side.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
Adults: The relief of the symptoms of nausea and vomiting, epigastric sense of fullness, upper abdominal discomfort and regurgitation of gastric contents.
Children: The relief of the symptoms of nausea and vomiting.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
Domperidone 10mg Tablets are for oral administration.
It is recommended to take domperidone tablets before meals. If taken after meals, absorption of the drug is somewhat delayed.
Adults and adolescents (over 12 years and weighing 35kg or more):
The initial duration of treatment is four weeks.
Patients should be re-evaluated after four weeks and the need for continued treatment re-assessed.
One to two of the 10mg tablets three to four times per day with a maximum daily dose of 80mg.
Children: 0.25 – 0.5mg/kg three to four times per day with a maximum daily dose of 2.4mg/kg (but do not exceed 80mg per day)
“Tablets are unsuitable for use in children weighing less than 35 kg.”
4.3 Contraindications
Domperidone is contraindicated in the following situations:
• Known hypersensitivity to domperidone or any of the excipients.
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Domperidone should not be used when stimulation of gastric motility could be harmful: gastro-intestinal haemorrhage, mechanical obstruction or perforation.
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Precautions for use
Domperidone tablets contain lactose and may be unsuitable for patients with lactose intolerance, galactosaemia or glucose/galactose malabsorption.
Use during lactation
The total amount of domperidone excreted in human breast milk is expected to be less than 7 micrograms per day at the highest recommended dosing regimen. It is not known whether this is harmful to the newborn. Therefore breast-feeding is not recommended for mothers who are taking domperidone.
Use in infants
Neurological side effects are rare (see "Undesirable effects" section). Since metabolic functions and the blood-brain barrier are not fully developed in the first months of life the risk of neurological side effects is higher in young children. Therefore, it is recommended that the dose be determined accurately and followed strictly in neonates, infants, toddlers and small children.
Overdosing may cause extrapyramidal symptoms in children, but other causes should be taken into consideration.
Use in liver disorders
Since domperidone is highly metabolised in the liver, domperidone should be not be used in patients with hepatic impairment
Renal insufficiency
In patients with severe renal insufficiency (serum creatinine> 6 mg/100 mL, i.e.> 0.6 m mol/L) the elimination half-life of domperidone was increased from 7.4 to 20.8 hours, but plasma drug levels were lower than in healthy volunteers. Since very little unchanged drug is excreted via the kidneys, it is unlikely that the dose of a single administration needs to be adjusted in patients with renal insufficiency. However, on repeated administration, the dosing frequency should be reduced to once or twice daily depending on the severity of the impairment, and the dose may need to be reduced. Such patients on prolonged therapy should be reviewed regularly.
Use with CYP3A4 inhibitors
Co-administration with oral ketoconazole, erythromycin or other potent CYP3A4 inhibitors that prolong the QTc interval should be avoided (see section 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction).
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
The main metabolic pathway of domperidone is through CYP3A4. In vitro data suggest that the concomitant use of drugs that significantly inhibit this enzyme may result in increased plasma levels of domperidone.
Separate in vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interaction studies with oral ketoconazole or oral erythromycin in healthy subjects confirmed a marked inhibition of domperidone's CYP3A4 mediated first pass metabolism by these drugs.
With the combination of oral domperidone 10mg four times daily and ketoconazole 200mg twice daily, a mean QTc prolongation of 9.8 msec was seen over the observation period, with changes at individual time points ranging from 1.2 to 17.5 msec. With the combination of domperidone 10mg four times daily and oral erythromycin 500mg three times daily, mean QTc over the observation period was prolonged by 9.9 msec, with changes at individual time points ranging from 1.6 to 14.3 msec. Both the Cmax and AUC of domperidone at steady state were increased approximately three-fold in each of these interaction studies. In these studies domperidone monotherapy at 10mg given orally four times daily resulted in increases in mean QTc of 1.6 msec (ketoconazole study) and 2.5 msec (erythromycin study), while Ketoconazole monotherapy (200mg twice daily) led to increases in QTc of 3.8 and 4.9 msec, respectively, over the observation period.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
There are limited post-marketing data on the use of domperidone in pregnant women. A study in rats has shown reproductive toxicity at a high, maternally toxic dose. The potential risk for humans is unknown. Therefore, domperidone should only be used during pregnancy when justified by the anticipated therapeutic benefit.
The drug is excreted in breast milk of lactating rats (mostly as metabolites: peak concentration of 40 and 800ng/ml after oral and i.v administration of 2.5mg/kg respectively). Domperidone concentrations in breast milk of lactating women are 10 to 50% of the corresponding plasma concentrations and expected not to exceed 10ng/ml. The total amount of domperidone excreted in human breast milk is expected to be less than 7micrograms per day at the highest recommended dosing regimen. It is not known whether this is harmful to the newborn. Therefore breast-feeding is not recommended for mothers who are taking domperidone.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
Domperidone has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive or use machines.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
The following frequencies are used for the description of the occurrence of adverse reactions:
Very common (
Immune System Disorder:
Very rare; anaphylactic reactions including anaphylactic shock, angioedema, allergic reaction
Endocrine disorder:
Rare; increased prolactin levels
Psychiatric System Disorder:
Very rare; agitation, nervousness
Nervous system disorders:
Very rare; extrapyramidal side effects, convulsions, somnolence, headache
Gastrointestinal disorders:
Rare; gastro-intestinal disorders, including very rare transient intestinal Cramps
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:
Very rare; urticaria, pruritus, rash
Reproductive system and breast disorders:
Rare; galactorrhoea, gynaecomastia, amenorrhoea.
Cardiac disorders:
Very rare; ventricular arrhythmias,
Frequency not known: QTc prolongation
Investigations:
Very rare; liver function test abnormal
As the hypophysis is outside the blood brain barrier, domperidone may cause an increase in prolactin levels. In rare cases this hyperprolactinaemia may lead to neuro-endocrinological side effects such as galactorrhoea, gynaecomastia and amenorrhoea.
Extrapyramidal side effects are very rare in neonates and infants, and exceptional in adults. These side effects reverse spontaneously and completely as soon as the treatment is stopped.
Other central nervous system-related effects of convulsion, agitation and somnolence also are very rare and primarily reported in infants and children.
4.9 Overdose
Symptoms
Overdose has been reported primarily in infants and children. Symptoms of overdosage may include agitation, altered consciousness, convulsions, disorientation, somnolence and extrapyramidal reactions.
Treatment
There is no specific antidote to domperidone, but in the event of overdose, gastric lavage as well as the administration of activated charcoal, may be useful. Close medical supervision and supportive therapy is recommended.
Anticholinergic, anti-parkinson drugs may be helpful in controlling the extrapyramidal reactions.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic Group: Propulsives, ATC code: A03F A03
Domperidone is a dopamine antagonist with anti-emetic properties domperidone does not readily cross the bloodbrain barrier. In domperidone users, especially in adults, extrapyramidal side effects are very rare, but domperidone promotes the release of prolactin from the pituitary. Its anti-emetic effect may be due to a combination of peripheral (gastrokinetic) effects and antagonism of dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone, which lies outside the blood-brain barrier in the area postrema. Animal studies, together with the low concentrations found in the brain, indicate a predominantly peripheral effect of domperidone on dopamine receptors. Studies in man have shown oral domperidone to increase lower oesophageal pressure, improve antroduodenal motility and accelerate gastric emptying. There is no effect on gastric secretion.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
Absorption
In fasting subjects, domperidone is rapidly absorbed after oral administration with peak plasma concentrations at 30 to 60 minutes. The low absolute bioavailability of oral domperidone (approximately 15%) is due to an extensive first-pass metabolism in the gut wall and liver. Although domperidone's bioavailability is enhanced in normal subjects when taken after a meal, patients with gastrointestinal complaints should take domperidone 15-30 minutes before a meal. Reduced gastric acidity impairs the absorption of domperidone. Oral bioavailability is decreased by prior concomitant administration of cimetidine and sodium bicarbonate. The time of peak absorption is slightly delayed and the AUC somewhat increased when the oral drug is taken after a meal.
Distribution
Oral domperidone does not appear to accumulate or induce its own metabolism; a peak plasma level after 90 minutes of 21ng/ml after two weeks oral administration of 30 mg per day was almost the same as that of 18 ng/ml after the first dose. Domperidone is 91-93% bound to plasma proteins. Distribution studies with radiolabelled drug in animals have shown wide tissue distribution, but low brain concentration. Small amounts of drug cross the placenta in rats.
Metabolism
Domperidone undergoes rapid and extensive hepatic metabolism by hydroxylation and N-dealkylation. In vitro metabolism experiments with diagnostic inhibitors revealed that CYP3A4 is a major form of cytochrome P-450 involved in the N-dealkylation of domperidone, whereas CYP3A4, CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 are involved in domperidone aromatic hydroxylation.
Excretion
Urinary and faecal excretions amount to 31 and 66% of the oral dose respectively, The proportion of the drug excreted unchanged is small (10% of faecal excretion and approximately 1% of urinary excretion). The plasma half life after a single oral dose is 7-9 hours in healthy subjects but is prolonged in patients with severe renal insufficiency.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
Electrophysiological in vitro and in vivo studies indicate an overall moderate risk of domperidone to prolong the QT interval in humans. In in vitro experiments on isolated cells transfected with HERG and on isolated guinea pig myocytes, ratios were about 10, based on IC50 values inhibiting currents through ion channels in comparison to the free plasma concentrations in humans after administration of the maximum daily dose of 20 mg (q.i.d.).
However, safety margins and in vitro experiments on isolated cardiac tissues and in vivo models (dog, guinea pig, rabbits sensitised for torsades de pointes) exceeded the free plasma concentrations in humans at maximum daily dose (20mg q.i.d.) by more than 50-fold. In the presence of inhibition of the metabolism via CYP3A4 free plasma concentrations of domperidone can rise up to 10- fold.
At a high, maternally toxic dose (more than 40 times the recommended human dose), teratogenic effects were seen in the rat. No teratogenicity was observed in mice and rabbits.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Microcrystalline cellulose
Lactose monohydrate
Maize starch
Povidone K30
Sodium lauryl sulphate
Silica colloidal, anhydrous
Magnesium stearate
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not Applicable
6.3 Shelf Life
24 months.
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Do not store above 25°C. Store in the original package.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
The tablets are packed in blisters constituted from a PVC and aluminium foil in packs of 30 and 100.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
None
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Milpharm Limited,
Ares,
Odyssey Business Park,
West End Road,
South Ruislip HA4 6QD,
United Kingdom
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
PL 16363/0106
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
3 February 2003
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
16/07/2009
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