1. Name Of The Medicinal Product
Sporanox 100 mg Capsules.
2. Qualitative And Quantitative Composition
Each capsule contains itraconazole 100 mg.
For excipients, see 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical Form
Capsules, hard
Capsule (Size 0): opaque blue cap and pink transparent body containing coated beads.
4. Clinical Particulars
4.1 Therapeutic Indications
1. Vulvovaginal candidosis.
2. Pityriasis versicolor.
3. Dermatophytoses caused by organisms susceptible to itraconazole (Trichophyton spp., Microsporum spp., Epidermophyton floccosum) e.g. tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea corporis, tinea manuum.
4. Oropharyngeal candidosis.
5. Onychomycosis caused by dermatophytes and/or yeasts.
6. The treatment of histoplasmosis.
7. Sporanox is indicated in the following systemic fungal conditions when first-line systemic anti-fungal therapy is inappropriate or has proved ineffective. This may be due to underlying pathology, insensitivity of the pathogen or drug toxicity.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sporanox is also indicated in the prevention of fungal infection during prolonged neutropenia when standard therapy is considered inappropriate.
4.2 Posology And Method Of Administration
Sporanox is for oral administration and must be taken immediately after a meal for maximal absorption.
Treatment schedules in adults for each indication are as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
For skin, vulvovaginal and oropharyngeal infections, optimal clinical and mycological effects are reached 1 - 4 weeks after cessation of treatment and for nail infections, 6 - 9 months after the cessation of treatment. This is because elimination of itraconazole from skin, nails and mucous membranes is slower than from plasma.
The length of treatment for systemic fungal infections should be dictated by the mycological and clinical response to therapy:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Impaired absorption in AIDS and neutropenic patients may lead to low itraconazole blood levels and lack of efficacy. In such cases, blood level monitoring and if necessary, an increase in itraconazole dose to 200 mg twice daily, is indicated.
Use in children
Not recommended. See 4.4 Special warnings and special precautions for use.
In Elderly
Not recommended. See 4.4 Special warnings and special precautions for use.
Use in patients with renal impairment
The oral bioavailability of itraconazole may be lower in patients with renal insufficiency, a dose adjustment may be considered. See 4.4 Special warnings and special precautions for use.
Use in patients with hepatic impairment
Itraconazole is predominantly metabolised by the liver. The terminal half-life of itraconazole in cirrhotic patients is somewhat prolonged. The oral bioavailability in cirrhotic patients is somewhat decreased. A dose adjustment may be considered. See 4.4 Special warnings and special precautions for use.
4.3 Contraindications
• Sporanox capsules are contra-indicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to itraconazole or to any of the excipients.
• Coadministration of the following drugs is contraindicated with Sporanox capsules. (see also section 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction):
- CYP3A4 metabolised substrates that can prolong the QT-interval e.g., astemizole, bepridil, cisapride, dofetilide, levacetylmethadol (levomethadyl), mizolastine, pimozide, quinidine, sertindole and terfenadine are contraindicated with Sporanox capsules. Coadministration may result in increased plasma concentrations of these substrates which can lead to QTc prolongation and rare occurrences of torsades de pointes.
- CYP3A4 metabolised HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors such as atorvastatin, lovastatin and simvastatin
- Triazolam and oral midazolam
- Ergot alkaloids such as dihydroergotamine, ergometrine (ergonovine), ergotamine and methylergometrine (methylergonovine)
- Eletriptan
- Nisoldipine
- Sporanox capsules should not be administered for non-life threatening indications to patients receiving disopyramide or halofantrine.
Sporanox capsules should not be administered to patients with evidence of ventricular dysfunction such as congestive heart failure (CHF) or a history of CHF except for the treatment of life-threatening or other serious infections. See Section 4.4
Sporanox capsules must not be used during pregnancy for non life-threatening indications (see section 4.6).
Women of childbearing potential taking Sporanox capsules should use contraceptive precautions. Effective contraception should be continued until the menstrual period following the end of Sporanox capsules therapy.
4.4 Special Warnings And Precautions For Use
Cross-hypersensitivity
There is no information regarding cross hypersensitivity between itraconazole and other azole antifungal agents. Caution should be used in prescribing Sporanox capsules to patients with hypersensitivity to other azoles.
Cardiac effects
In a healthy volunteer study with Sporanox® IV, a transient asymptomatic decrease of the left ventricular ejection fraction was observed; this resolved before the next infusion. The clinical relevance of these findings to the oral formulations is unknown.
Itraconazole has been shown to have a negative inotropic effect and Sporanox capsules has been associated with reports of congestive heart failure. Heart failure was more frequently reported among spontaneous reports of 400 mg total daily dose than among those of lower total daily doses, suggesting that the risk of heart failure might increase with the total daily dose of itraconazole.
Sporanox should not be used in patients with congestive heart failure or with a history of congestive heart failure unless the benefit clearly outweighs the risk. This individual benefit/risk assessment should take into consideration factors such as the severity of the indication, the dose and duration of treatment (e.g. total daily dose), and individual risk factors for congestive heart failure. These risk factors include cardiac disease, such as ischemic and valvular disease; significant pulmonary disease, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and renal failure and other edematous disorders. Such patients should be informed of the signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure, should be treated with caution, and should be monitored for signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure during treatment; if such signs or symptoms do occur during treatment, Sporanox should be discontinued.
Calcium channel blockers can have negative inotropic effects which may be additive to those of itraconazole. In addition, itraconazole can inhibit the metabolism of calcium channel blockers. Therefore, caution should be exercised when co-administering itraconazole and calcium channel blockers (see section 4.5) due to an increased risk of congestive heart failure.
Hepatic effects
Very rare cases of serious hepatotoxicity, including some cases of fatal acute liver failure, have occurred with the use of Sporanox capsules. Most of these cases involved patients who, had pre-existing liver disease, were treated for systemic indications, had significant other medical conditions and/or were taking other hepatotoxic drugs. Some patients had no obvious risk factors for liver disease. Some of these cases were observed within the first month of treatment, including some within the first week. Liver function monitoring should be considered in patients receiving Sporanox capsules treatment. Patients should be instructed to promptly report to their physician signs and symptoms suggestive of hepatitis such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, abdominal pain or dark urine. In these patients treatment should be stopped immediately and liver function testing should be conducted. In patients with raised liver enzymes or active liver disease, or who have experienced liver toxicity with other drugs, treatment should not be started unless the expected benefit exceeds the risk of hepatic injury. In such cases liver enzyme monitoring is necessary.
Reduced gastric acidity
Absorption of itraconazole from Sporanox capsules is impaired when gastric acidity is reduced. In patients also receiving acid neutralising medicines (e.g. aluminium hydroxide), these should be administered at least 2 hours after the intake of Sporanox capsules. In patients with achlorhydria, such as certain AIDS patients and patients on acid secretion suppressors (e.g. H2 -antagonists, proton-pump inhibitors), it is advisable to administer Sporanox capsules with a cola beverage.
Use in children
Clinical data on the use of Sporanox capsules in paediatric patients is limited. Sporanox capsules should not be used in paediatric patients unless the potential benefit outweighs the potential risks.
Use in elderly
Clinical data on the use of Sporanox capsules in elderly patients is limited. Sporanox capsules should not be used in these patients unless the potential benefit outweighs the potential risks.
Hepatic impairment
Limited data are available on the use of oral itraconazole in patients with hepatic impairment. Caution should be exercised when the drug is administered in this patient population. (See Section 5.2)
Renal impairment
Limited data are available on the use of oral itraconazole in patients with renal impairment. Caution should be exercised when this drug is administered in this patient population. The oral bioavailability of itraconazole may be lower in patients with renal insufficiency. Dose adaptation may be considered.
Hearing Loss
Transient or permanent hearing loss has been reported in patients receiving treatment with itraconazole. Several of these reports included concurrent administration of quinidine which is contraindicated (see 4.3 and 4.5). The hearing loss usually resolves when treatment is stopped, but can persist in some patients.
Immunocompromised patients
In some immunocompromised patients (e.g., neutropenic, AIDS or organ transplant patients), the oral bioavailability of Sporanox capsules may be decreased.
Patients with immediately life-threatening systemic fungal infections
Due to the pharmacokinetic properties (See section 5.2), Sporanox capsules are not recommended for initiation of treatment in patients with immediately life-threatening systemic fungal infections.
Patients with AIDS
In patients with AIDS having received treatment for a systemic fungal infection such as sporotrichosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis or cryptococcosis (meningeal or non-meningeal) and who are considered at risk for relapse, the treating physician should evaluate the need for a maintenance treatment.
Neuropathy
If neuropathy occurs which may be attributable to Sporanox capsules, the treatment should be discontinued.
Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency should not take this medicine.
Cross-resistance
In systemic candidosis, if fluconazole-resistant strains of Candida species are suspected, it cannot be assumed that these are sensitive to itraconazole, hence their sensitivity should be tested before the start of Sporanox therapy.
Interaction Potential
Sporanox has a potential for clinically important drug interactions. (See Section 4.5). Itraconazole should not be used within 2 weeks after discontinuation of treatment with CYP 3A4 inducing agents (rifampicin, rifabutin, phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, Hypericum perforatum (St. John´s wort). The use of itraconazole with these drugs may lead to subtherapeutic plasma levels of itraconazole and thus treatment failure.
4.5 Interaction With Other Medicinal Products And Other Forms Of Interaction
1. Drugs affecting the absorption of itraconazole
Drugs that reduce the gastric acidity impair the absorption of itraconazole from Sporanox capsules (See Section 4.4).
2. Drugs affecting the metabolism of itraconazole:
Itraconazole is mainly metabolised through the cytochrome CYP3A4. Interaction studies have been performed with rifampicin, rifabutin and phenytoin, which are potent inducers of CYP3A4. Since the bioavailability of itraconazole and hydroxy-itraconazole was decreased in these studies to such an extent that efficacy may be largely reduced, the combination of itraconazole with these potent enzyme inducers is not recommended. No formal study data are available for other enzyme inducers, such as carbamazepine, Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort), phenobarbital and isoniazid, but similar effects should be anticipated.
Potent inhibitors of this enzyme such as ritonavir, indinavir, clarithromycin and erythromycin may increase the bioavailability of itraconazole.
3. Effects of itraconazole on the metabolism of other drugs:
3.1 Itraconazole can inhibit the metabolism of drugs metabolised by the cytochrome 3A family. This can result in an increase and/or a prolongation of their effects, including side effects. When using concomitant medication, the corresponding label should be consulted for information on the route of administration. After stopping treatment, itraconazole plasma concentrations decline gradually, depending on the dose and duration of treatment (see section 5.2). This should be taken into account when the inhibitory effect of itraconazole on co-administered drugs is considered.
Examples are:
The following drugs are contraindicated with itraconazole:
Astemizole, bepridil, cisapride, dofetilide, levacetylmethadol (levomethadyl), mizolastine, pimozide, quinidine, sertindole or terfenadine are contraindicated with Sporanox since co-administration may result in increased plasma concentrations of these substrates, which can lead to QT prolongation and rare occurrences of torsades de pointes.
• CYP3A4 metabolised HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors such as atorvastatin, lovastatin and simvastatin.
• Triazolam and oral midazolam.
• Ergot alkaloids such as dihydroergotamine, ergometrine (ergonovine), ergotamine and methylergometrine (methylergonovine).
• Eletriptan
• Nisoldipine
Caution should be exercised when co-administering itraconazole with calcium channel blockers due to an increased risk of congestive heart failure. In addition to possible pharmacokinetic interactions involving the drug metabolising enzyme CYP3A4, calcium channel blockers can have negative inotropic effects which may be additive to those of itraconazole.
The following drugs should be used with caution, and their plasma concentrations, effects or side effects should be monitored. Their dosage, if co-administered with itraconazole, should be reduced if necessary:
• Oral anticoagulants
• HIV protease inhibitors such as ritonavir, indinavir, saquinavir
• Certain antineoplastic agents such as vinca alkaloids, busulfan, docetaxel and trimetrexate
• CYP3A4 metabolised calcium channel blockers such as dihydropyridines and verapamil
• Certain immunosuppressive agents: ciclosporin, tacrolimus and rapamycin (also known as sirolimus)
• Certain glucocorticoids such as budesonide, dexamethasone, fluticasone and methyl prednisolone
• Digoxin (via inhibition of P-glycoprotein)
• Others: carbamazepine, cilostazol, buspirone, disopyramide, alfentanil, alprazolam, brotizolam, midazolam IV, rifabutin, ebastine, fentanyl, halofantrine, repaglinide and reboxetine. The importance of the concentration increase and the clinical relevance of these changes during co-administration with itraconazole remain to be established.
3.2. No interaction of itraconazole with zidovudine (AZT) and fluvastatin has been observed.
No inducing effects of itraconazole on the metabolism of ethinyloestradiol and norethisterone were observed.
4. Effect on protein binding:
In vitro studies have shown that there are no interactions on the plasma protein binding between itraconazole and imipramine, propranolol, diazepam, cimetidine, indometacin, tolbutamide or sulfamethazine.
4.6 Pregnancy And Lactation
Pregnancy
Sporanox capsules must not be used during pregnancy except for life-threatening cases where the potential benefit to the mother outweighs the potential harm to the foetus (see section 4.3).
In animal studies itraconazole has shown reproduction toxicity (see section 5.3).
There is limited information on the use of Sporanox during pregnancy. During post-marketing experience, cases of congenital abnormalities have been reported. These cases included skeletal, genitourinary tract, cardiovascular and ophthalmic malformations as well as chromosomal and multiple malformations. A causal relationship with Sporanox has not been established.
Epidemiological data on exposure to Sporanox during the first trimester of pregnancy-mostly in patients receiving short-term treatment for vulvovaginal candidosis-did not show an increased risk for malformations as compared to control subjects not exposed to any known teratogens.
Women of child bearing potential
Women of childbearing potential taking Sporanox capsules should use contraceptive precautions. Effective contraception should be continued until the next menstrual period following the end of Sporanox therapy.
Lactation
A very small amount of itraconazole is excreted in human milk. The expected benefits of Sporanox therapy should be weighed against the risks of breast feeding. In case of doubt, the patient should not breast feed.
4.7 Effects On Ability To Drive And Use Machines
No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. When driving vehicles and operating machinery the possibility of adverse reactions such as dizziness, visual disturbances and hearing loss (see Section 4.8), which may occur in some instances, must be taken into account.
4.8 Undesirable Effects
Undesirable effects listed below have been reported in clinical trials with Sporanox capsules and/or from spontaneous reports from post-marketing experience for all Sporanox formulations.
In open-label and double-blind clinical trials involving 8499 itraconazole-treated patients in the treatment of dermatomycoses or onychomycosis, the most frequently reported adverse experiences in clinical trials were of gastrointestinal, dermatological , and hepatic origin.
The table below presents adverse drug reactions by System Organ Class. Within each System Organ Class, the adverse drug reactions are presented by incidence, using the following convention:
Very common (
| |
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
|
|
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
|
|
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
|
|
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
| |
|
|
|
|
*see section 4.4
4.9 Overdose
No data are available.
In the event of overdosage, supportive measures should be employed. Within the first hour after ingestion, gastric lavage may be performed. Activated charcoal may be given if considered appropriate. Itraconazole cannot be removed by haemodialysis. No specific antidote is available.
5. Pharmacological Properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic Properties
Pharmacotherapeutic classification: (Antimycotics for systemic use, triazole derivatives).
ATC code: J02A C02
Itraconazole, a triazole derivative, has a broad spectrum of activity.
In vitro studies have demonstrated that itraconazole impairs the synthesis of ergosterol in fungal cells. Ergosterol is a vital cell membrane component in fungi. Impairment of its synthesis ultimately results in an antifungal effect.
For itraconazole, breakpoints have only been established for Candida spp. From superficial mycotic infections (CLSI M27-A2, breakpoints have not been established for EUCAST methodology). The CLSI breakpoints are as follows: susceptible
In vitro studies demonstrate that itraconazole inhibits the growth of a broad range of fungi pathogenic for humans at concentrations usually
dermatophytes (Trichophyton spp., Microsporum spp., Epidermophyton floccosum); yeasts (Candida spp., including C. albicans, C. glabrata and C. krusei, Cryptococcus neoformans, Pityrosporum spp., Trichosporon spp., Geotrichum spp.); Aspergillus spp.; Histoplasma spp.; Paracoccidioides brasiliensis; Sporothrix schenckii; Fonsecaea spp.; Cladosporium spp.; Blastomyces dermatitidis; Coccidiodes immitis; Pseudallescheria boydii; Penicillium marneffei; and various other yeasts and fungi.
Candida krusei, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis are generally the least susceptible Candida species, with some isolates showing unequivocal resistance to itraconazole in vitro.
The principal fungus types that are not inhibited by itraconazole are Zygomycetes (e.g. Rhizopus spp., Rhizomucor spp., Mucor spp. and Absidia spp.), Fusarium spp., Scedosporium proliferans and Scopulariopsis spp.
Azole resistance appears to develop slowly and is often the result of several genetic mutations. Mechanisms that have been described are overexpression of ERG11, which encodes the target enzyme 14α-demethylase, point mutations in ERG11 that lead to decreased target affinity and/or transporter overexpression resulting in increased efflux. Cross resistance between members of the azole class has been observed within Candida spp., although resistance to one member of the class does not necessarily confer resistance to other azoles. Itraconazole-resistant strains of Aspergillus fumigatus have been reported.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic Properties
General pharmacokinetic characteristics
The pharmacokinetics of itraconazole has been investigated in healthy subjects, special populations and patients after single and multiple dosing.
Absorption
Itraconazole is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. Peak plasma concentrations of the unchanged drug are reached within 2 to 5 hours following an oral dose. The observed absolute bioavailability of itraconazole is about 55%. Oral bioavailability is maximal when the capsules are taken immediately after a full meal.
Distribution
Most of the itraconazole in plasma is bound to protein (99.8%) with albumin being the main binding component (99.6% for the hydroxy- metabolite). It has also a marked affinity for lipids. Only 0.2% of the itraconazole in plasma is present as free drug. Itraconazole is distributed in a large apparent volume in the body (> 700 L), suggesting its extensive distribution into tissues: Concentrations in lung, kidney, liver, bone, stomach, spleen and muscle were found to be two to three times higher than corresponding concentrations in plasma. Brain to plasma ratios were about 1 as measured in beagle dogs. The uptake into keratinous tissues, skin in particular, is up to four times higher than in plasma.
Biotransformation
Itraconazole is extensively metabolised by the liver into a large number of metabolites. One of the main metabolites is hydroxy-itraconazole, which has in vitro antifungal activity comparable to itraconazole. Plasma concentrations of the hydroxy-itraconazole are about twice those of itraconazole.
As shown in in vitro studies, CYP 3A4 is the major enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of itraconazole.
Elimination
Itraconazole is excreted as inactive metabolites to about 35% in urine within one week and to about 54% with feces. Renal excretion of the parent drug accounts for less than 0.03% of the dose, whereas fecal excretion of unchanged drug varies between 3 – 18% of the dose. Itraconazole clearance decreases at higher doses due to saturable hepatic metabolism.
Linearity/non-linearity
As a consequence of non-linear pharmacokinetics, itraconazole accumulates in plasma during multiple dosing. Steady-state concentrations are generally reached within about 15 days, with Cmax and AUC values 4 to 7-fold higher than those seen after a single dose. The mean elimination half-life of itraconazole is about 40 hours after repeated dosing.
Special Populations
Hepatic Insufficiency: A pharmacokinetic study using a single 100 mg dose of itraconazole (one 100 mg capsule) was conducted in 6 healthy and 12 cirrhotic subjects. No statistically significant differences in AUC were seen between these two groups. A statistically significant reduction in average Cmax (47%) and a two fold increase in the elimination half-life (37 ± 17 versus 16 ±5 hours) of itraconazole were noted in cirrhotic subjects compared with healthy subjects.
Data are not available in cirrhotic patients during long-term use of itraconazole.
Renal Insufficiency: Limited data are available on the use of oral itraconazole in patients with renal impairment. Caution should be exercised when the drug is administered in this patient population.
5.3 Preclinical Safety Data
Nonclinical data on itraconazole revealed no indications for gene toxicity, primary carcinogenicity or impairment of fertility. At high doses, effects were observed in the adrenal cortex, liver and the mononuclear phagocyte system but appear to have a low relevance for the proposed clinical use. Itraconazole was found to cause a dose-related increase in maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity and teratogenicity in rats and mice at high doses. A global lower bone mineral density was observed in juvenile dogs after chronic itraconazole administration, and in rats, a decreased bone plate activity, thinning of the zona compacta of the large bones, and an increased bone fragility was observed.
6. Pharmaceutical Particulars
6.1 List Of Excipients
Sugar spheres
Hypromellose 2910 5mPa.s
Macrogol 20000
Capsule shell:
Titanium dioxide
Indigo carmine
Gelatin
Erythrosine
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf Life
3 years
6.4 Special Precautions For Storage
Do not store above 30°C.
Store in the original container.
6.5 Nature And Contents Of Container
Perlalux tristar blister - plastic foil consisting of 3 layers
* Polyvinylchloride on the outside;
* Low density polyethylene in the middle;
* Polyvinylidene chloride on the inside;
Aluminium foil (thickness 20 μm) coated on the inner side with colourless heat-seal Lacquer: PVC mixed polymers with acrylates, 6 g/m².
or:
PVC blister consisting of -
Polyvinylchloride 'genotherm' glass clear, thickness 250 μm;
Aluminium foil (thickness 20μm) coated on the inner side with a colourless heat-seal Lacquer: PVC mixed polymers with acrylates, 6g/m².
Pack sizes: 4, 6*not marketed, 15, 60 capsules.
6.6 Special Precautions For Disposal And Other Handling
No special requirements.
Administrative Data
7. Marketing Authorisation Holder
Janssen-Cilag Ltd
50-100 Holmers Farm Way
High Wycombe
Buckinghamshire
HP12 4EG
UK
8. Marketing Authorisation Number(S)
00242/0142
9. Date Of First Authorisation/Renewal Of The Authorisation
18/01/89, 11/01/95
10. Date Of Revision Of The Text
18 October 2011
LEGAL CATEGORY
POM.
No comments:
Post a Comment